Which authentication method is NOT typically categorized as primary?

In the context of authentication methods, the classification of primary authentication typically refers to the mechanisms that are utilized to verify the identity of users in a straightforward and direct manner. These methods usually include standard operating system-based authentication processes or those that are commonly employed in network environments.

The selection of CyberArk as the answer indicates an understanding that CyberArk functions primarily as a privileged access management solution rather than a direct authentication protocol. While CyberArk can integrate with various authentication methods and manage credentials, it itself is not an authentication method but rather a platform that secures and manages access to sensitive accounts and systems. Primary authentication methods, such as Windows or Oracle SSO, provide direct user verification services, making them fundamentally different from CyberArk's role.

In contrast, the other options—IIS (Internet Information Services), OracleSSO (Single Sign-On), and Windows—are well-established forms of primary authentication used to authenticate users as they access systems and services. Each of them plays a direct role in establishing user identity, whereas CyberArk's focus is on the management of access and providing secure pathways to systems rather than authenticating users directly.